Timeline

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." -- M. L. King

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About 1950 the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs initiated a number of surveys that showed the use of the drug [cannabis] to be widespread in the Middle East and some parts of Africa and South America and to be increasing in Europe and North America. (???) [See (Cannabis Prohibition Previous, Next)]

About 1950 vitamin B₆ deficiency was produced experimentally in human adults and infants. In infants the deficiency first manifests itself in a specific type of convulsion that is readily controlled by administration of the vitamin. A large number of cases of such convulsions have been reported in infants fed a processed substitute for human milk. (1)

In 1950 after launching the American Cancer Society as a viable organization, Albert Lasker himself became ill with cancer. He was operated on for intestinal cancer. He died in 1952. Before his death, he had set up the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, which was to make Mary Lasker the most powerful woman in American medicine. She soon controlled a vast empire of grants, foundations, Washington lobbyists and other organizations. Her most able lieutenant in achieving this power was the Rockefeller employee, Anna Rosenberg, who has worked closely with her for years. (48)

In 1950 the Food and Drug Administration finally obtains a permanent junction against Dr. William E. Koch's stimulation of cell oxidation treatment. Several physicians who had successfully treated cancer with the Koch treatment were expelled from the medical society. (48) [See Koch]

In 1950 the Student American Medical Association was founded. It consists of 75 local chapters with 50,000 medical students, interns and resident physicians as members. (1)

In 1950 the Food Protection Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board of NAS / NRC was appointed. (82)

In 1950 the efforts of domestic, agricultural and consumer groups to have margarine freed from what they considered unfair legislation culminated in success when congress repealed all the federal taxes and license fees on margarine made in the U.S. This action was followed by similar action of state legislatures, and within a relatively short time thereafter, most of the state prohibitions against yellow margarine were repealed. (1) Following a significant effort by the National Association of Margarine Manufacturers, President Truman signed the Margarine Act of 1950 on March 23 of that year. (9)

In 1950 and 1951, John Foster Dulles, then chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation, led John D. Rockefeller III on a series of world tours, focusing on the need to stop the expansion of the non-white populations. (3)

In 1950 Professor Pierre LePine, noted scientist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, is reported in the March 30^th edition of the New York Times as saying "no more than one injection in 2000 really prevents polio." (6)

In 1950 Cleveland E. Dodge becomes President of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. (23)

In 1950 the National Council of Churches is founded in the U.S. (6)

In 1950 the death rate from tuberculosis in New York is 50 per 100,000. (48)

In 1950 the Fish and Wildlife Service's Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act, (commonly referred to as the "Dingell-Johnson Act") is passed to create a program for restoring and improving America's fishery resources. It is patterned after the Pittman-Robertson Act passed in 1937. (139)

In 1950 the British Society for the Study of Fertility is founded. (1)

In 1950 William Henry Sebrell, Jr. was appointed director of the National Institutes of Health, (NIH). (81)

In 1950, as a result of the wide-spread knowledge of Hitler's anti-human projects, the [American] Birth Control League changed it's name to the euphemistic Planned Parenthood Federation of America. (3), (4)

In 1950 Paul Warburg declares before the U.S. Senate "we shall have world government whether you like it or not; if not by consent, by conquest." (6)

In 1950 the medical community was able to perform serum insulin assays which quickly revealed that Insulin Resistant Diabetes wasn't diabetes, at least not in the accepted understanding of diabetes. The disease was renamed to "type II diabetes" to distinguish it from the earlier type I diabetes. (51)

In 1950, Archer Daniels Midland, the last supplier of flax oil—considered a dietary staple—discontinued the product. (51) [See (EFAs Previous, Next)]

During the late 1950s, twelve patients at Presbyterian and Montefiore Hospitals in New York were injected with radioactive calcium and strontium cancer particles. Oregon State Prison gave radium doses of 600 roentgens in single exposures on the reproductive organs, when the safe dose was 5 roentgens per year. (48) [See (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1950, Roger Revelle became Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at La Jolla in San Diego, California. (427), (120)

In 1951 virus transmission of leukemia in mice was established by Ludwik Gross. (1)

In 1951 Scripps Institution of Oceanography acquires a former Army tug from the U.S. Maritime Commission and names it Spencer F. Baird. (120)

In 1951 the Fund for the Advancement of Education was created as a spin-off from the Ford Foundation. (1)

In 1951 the Boggs Act and later, the Narcotic Control Act of 1956 both greatly increased the penalties for drug-law violations, introducing mandatory minimum sentences and depriving offenders of the privileges of probation and parole afforded other federal prisoners. (1) [See (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1951 the Fund for Adult Education was created as a spin-off from the Ford Foundation. (1)

In 1951 John Rock, Gregory Goodwin Pincus and Min Chuch Chang discover that 19-Norsteroids prevents ovulation in women. (105)

In 1951 Feodor Lynen postulated the role of coenzyme A in fatty acid oxidation. (105) [See (EFAs Previous, Next)]

In 1951 the laboratories of Feodor Lynen, David Ezra Green, and Severo Ochoa isolated the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. (105) [See (EFAs Previous, Next)]

In 1951 U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy orders general amnesty and early release for all convicted Nazi war criminals. (6) [See 1936]

In 1951 the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) was created by the Harriman security regime. The man appointed director of the PSB, Gordon Gray, was sponsor of the child sterilization experiments, carried out by the Harrimanite eugenics movement in North Carolina following World War II. (3) On April 4, 1951 Truman established the Psychological Strategy Board, (PSB), a network of the National Security Council which was initially under the supervision of Undersecretary of State James Webb, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Lovett, and Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA) chief Walter Bedell ("Beetle") Smith. The purpose of the Board, as defined in a lengthy memorandum prepared in 1952 by the Army's psychological warfare division in Washington, was to coordinate the dissemination of propaganda with other actions, both overt and covert, designed to manipulate the opinions, behavior and allegiances of target audiences throughout the world. (157)

From 1951—1958 the Ford Foundation spent $78,000,000 on overseas development ; $28,000,000 was for India and smaller amounts for other countries of south and southeast Asia, the middle east, Aftrica and Latin America. (1) [Note that other foundations are engaged in similar overseas activities in 1957 or so]

In 1951 the research vessel, Oregon becomes the first research vessel designed for exploration of marine fauna of southeastern waters; it pioneers marine research in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and tropical western Atlantic. (20)

In 1951 Dr. Paul Hoch and others publish results of mescaline experiments in American Journal of psychiatry. After being injected with mescaline, "patients" are lobotomized and then re-injected with mescaline. Others are given mescaline and then given shock treatments to get rid of the fear produced by the drug. Hoch is praised by New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and becomes a leading figure in psychiatry. At one point he heads the Department of Experimental Psychiatry at New York State Psychiatric Institute. He later becomes New York State Commissioner of Mental Hygiene. (116)

From 1952 to 1957 the U.S. Army Chemical Corps pays Dr. Paul Hoch and the New York State Psychiatric Institute nearly $200,000 for research on the effects of mind control drugs on humans. Hoch later heads up New York State's Dept. of Mental Hygiene. (116)

In 1952 isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide), (a tuberculosis drug) was discovered. (1)

In 1952 the First Congress of the International Dietetic Organization was held in Amsterdam. (82)

In 1952 the Fund for the Republic was created as a spin-off from the Ford Foundation. (1)

By 1952 Rockefeller's General Education Board had distributed nearly $316,000,000 to strengthen educational institutions. (1)

In 1952 Cornelius Rhoads, who had been chief medical officer of the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Division, is head of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. (6)

In 1952 Prescott Bush (S&B 1917) enters the U.S. Senate. (3)

In 1952 Dr. Wendt, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Rochester, is given $300,000 by Naval Intelligence to research mind control. (116)

In 1952 the CIA recruits psychiatrists and other doctors to work for project "Artichoke". (116)

In 1952 the College of General Practitioners is founded in Great Britain. (1)

In 1952 the International Planned Parenthood Federation was founded. It was housed in the offices of the Eugenics Society. (159)

In 1952 contraceptive birth control pill using phosporated hesperidin produced. (6)

In 1952 U.S. Army Chemical Corps funds experiments at New York State Psychiatric Institute lasting until 1957 on the effects of mind control drugs on humans. The chief investigator, Dr. Paul Hoch, later heads up New York State's Dept. of Mental Hygiene. (6)

In November 1952, John Foster Dulles and Rockefeller set up the Population Council, with tens of millions of dollars from the Rockefeller family. … the American Eugenics Society, still cautious from the recent bad publicity vis-a-vis Hitler, left its old headquarters at Yale University. The Society moved its headquarters into the office of the Population Council, and the two groups melded together. The long-time secretary of the American Eugenics Society, Frederick Osborne, became the first president of the Population Council. (3) The Population Council was founded in 1952 by John D. Rockefeller III. In its first 25 years it spent $173,621,654. (159)

From 1953 to 1957 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, twelve patients were injected with uranium to determine the dosage that would cause kidney injury. (48)

In 1953 the National Institute of Health hired Dr. Timothy Leary to experiment with psychedelic drugs, including LSD. The study was financed by a grant from the Uris Foundation of New York City. (48)

In 1953 Dr. Claude Nash Herndon became president of the American Eugenics Society. (???)

In 1953 the Annapolis Biological Laboratory is opened by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. (20)

In 1953 Scripps Institute of Oceanography submitted a grant proposal entitled "Proposed Development of Marine Biology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography" to the Rockefeller Foundation to "advance the frontiers of marine biology." Rockefeller Foundation gave a grant of $1 million in 1954, which provided funds to provide a new Professorship of Theoretical Biology, a Visiting Professorship in Biology and to establish three new Assistant Professorships and five postdoctoral fellowships. The grant supported work on microorganisms, biochemistry and genetics of marine organisms, geochemistry, physiology and other fields of study. (120)

In 1953 Allen Dulles becomes Director of the CIA. (6)

In 1953 the structure of DNA is resolved by Watson and Crick. (82)

In 1953 Sir H.A. Krebs received the Nobel prize in medicine for the discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates. (1)

In 1953 Molybdenum is found in the essential enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase. (82)

In 1953 vitamin B₆ is shown to be essential for infants. (82)

In 1953 the Tavistock Institute, connected to the psychological warfare division of British Intelligence and funded by the Ford Foundation, British Defense Ministry and Harvard University, sponsors conferences on such subjects as the "dialectics of liberation", hosted by psychoanalyst R.D. Laing and attended by Angela Davis and Stokely Carmichael. (6)

In 1953 Dr. C. Nash Herndon becomes president of the American Eugenics Society. (6)

On April 28, 1953, as a result of a Congressional investigation conducted by Senator Charles Tobey into why his son's doctor had been expelled from the Massachusetts Medical Society after having cured his son's cancer, special counsel from the Department of Justice, Benedict Fitzgerald wrote "The alleged machinations of Dr. J.J. Moore (for the past ten years the treasurer of American Medical Association) could involve the American Medical Association and others in a conspiracy of alarming proportions… behind and over all this is the weirdest conglomeration of corrupt motives, intrigues, selfishness, jealousy, obstruction and conspiracy I have ever seen. My investigation to date should convince this Committee that a conspiracy does exist to stop the free flow and use of drugs in interstate commerce which allegedly (have) solid therapeutic value. Public and private funds have been thrown around like confetti at a country fair to close up and destroy clinics, hospitals and science research laboratories which do not conform to the viewpoint of medical associations. How long will the American people take this?" (48) Fitzgerald's report concluded that "the AME, [AMA?] in direct collaboration with the National Cancer Institute and the Federal Drug Administration, entered into a conspiracy to suppress alternative, effective cancer treatments."" Said Fitzgerald, "if radiation, surgery and drugs are the complete answer, then the greatest hoax of the age is being perpetrated upon the people by the continued appeal for funds for further research." Senator Tobey is dispatched with a convenient "heart attack", as has happened to others who threaten the cancer industry. Tobey's replacement, Senator John Bricker, orders Fitzgerald to stop the investigation. Fitzgerald refuses and is fired. The investigation is halted and buried. (6)

In 1953 an international protocol (with more than 50 adherents), is agreed to in which the cultivation of poppies would be drastically limited. (1)

From 1954 to 1960, the much quoted writer on medical problems, Morris Beale, who for years edited his informative publication, Capsule News Digest, from Capitol Hill, offered a standing reward of $30,000 which he would pay to anyone who could prove that the polio vaccine was not a killer and a fraud. There were no takers. (48)

From 1954 to 1955 amino acid requirements of young men was determined by W.C. Rose. (82)

In 1954 the World Health Organization, (WHO) affirmed its view that cannabis does not possess any therapeutic value. (1), (118) [See (Cannabis Prohibition Previous, Next)]

On September, 1, 1954 jurisdiction over agricultural attaches, which had been shifted from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the State Department in 1939, was transferred back to U.S. Department of Agriculture. (94)

In 1954 the Ford Foundation established the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, California. (1)

In 1954 the 83^rd Congress passed Public Law 466, popularly known as the Saltonstall-Kennedy (S-K) Act, which set aside funds for fishery-product and market research, fisheries development, and other research. (20)

In 1954 the charter of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York was amended to permit the institute to be incorporated into the University of the State of New York as a degree-granting institution for graduate training and research in medical and biological sciences. (1)

In 1954 New York State is the first to subsidize community mental health services and programs. (116)

In 1954 the United States explodes another hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll. (6)

In 1955 psychosurgeon Robert Heath of Tulane University does research for the U.S. Army involving the use of LSD on psychiatric inmates in whom he has implanted depth electrodes. Dr. Isbell of U.S. Public Health Service hospital in Lexington experiments on mostly black inmates (who were drug addicts) with LSD, mescaline, etc. He pays his subjects in narcotics. (116) [See note 137]

In 1955 the National Merit Scholarship Corp. was created from the Ford Foundation. (1)

In 1955 parakeratosis was identified as a zinc deficiency. (82)

In 1955 hemp farming is once again outlawed. (89) [See (Cannabis Prohibition Previous, Next)]

In 1955 Axel Hugo Theorell received the Nobel prize in medicine for the discovery of the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes. (1)

In 1955 low phenylalanine diets were used in the treatment of phenylketonuria. (82)

In 1955 Ubiquinone, or coenzyme Q was isolated. (82)

In 1955 the fourth Household Food Consumption Survey was made by the USDA. (82)

In 1955 the oral hypoglycemic drugs were introduced. Some of these drugs, notably Rezulin, have been known to kill patients; yet, they remain on the market with regulatory agency approval. (51)

In 1955, in a power move, American Cancer Society took over all research from the National Research Council, executing a brilliant coup by creating a new Science Advisory Council to represent American hospitals and universities. (48)

In 1955 the structure of vitamin B₁₂ was determined and named cyanocobalamin. (82)

In 1955 phenylalanine and threonine requirement of infants was determined. (82)

In 1955 diets devoid of wheat gluten gave favorable response in celiac disease. (82)

In 1955 the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense was established in the U.S. to assist developing countries in improving the nutritional status of their people. (82)

In 1955 the first coastwide samples from the Atlantic menhaden reduction fishery are acquired; sampling is continuous during the next 40 years. (20)

In 1955, 25% of all draftees from New York City, aged from 21 to 26 were turned down for heart ailments. (48)

In 1955 the American Cancer Society publication Cancer Facts states "there are only three proven ways to curb cancer—X-rays, radium and surgery, either singly or in combination." (6) [See Note 131]

In 1955 Dr. Isbell of the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky experiments using CIA funds on black inmates. (6) [See 1935, 1938, (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1955 Dr. Saul Krugman conducts experiments at Willowbrook Hospital in New York in which children are deliberately infected with active Hepatitis virus as part of a study of the disease. Some of the children were retarded. (6), (116)

In 1955 Dr. Jolliffe reported to Congress that, "Whereas coronary heart disease was a rarity prior to 1920, it has now become the No. One cause of death in the 45 to 64 year old age group as well as after 65." (48)

In 1955 James A. Shannon was appointed director of the National Institutes of Health, (NIH). (81)

In 1955 it's reported that doctors on the staff of the National Institutes for Health are avoiding vaccination of their children with the Salk vaccine, and that after experimenting with 1200 monkeys, they declared the Salk vaccine worthless as a preventative and a danger to take. (6) Vermont reports a 255% increase in polio since vaccinations began the prior year. Rhode Island reports a 454% increase and Massachusetts reports a 642% increase in polio since vaccinations in 1954 with vaccination of 130,000 children. In response, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis states that the increase in cases was due to the fact that "no children were vaccinated there." Massachusetts bans the sale of the Salk vaccine. (6)

In 1955 the U.S. Surgeon General Scheele admits in a closed session of the American Medical Association that "Salk polio vaccine is hard to make and no batch can be proven safe before given to children." Despite this fact, the public is told that the vaccine is safe. The government announces that it has the intention to vaccinate 57 million people before August 1955. (6)

In 1955 Sir Cyril Burt, a famous British psychologist who set the standard for twins research, presented dramatic statistical evidence in 1955, demonstrating that monozygotic twins raised apart displayed astonishing similarities. Burt was knighted in recognition of these discoveries and for reforming the British educational system by introducing tracking based on IQ tests. His twin studies would later be exposed as fraudulent in 1974 by Leon Kamin, a Princeton psychologist. (153)

In 1956 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service establishes two bureaus—the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, (BSFW) and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF) with the Boothbay, Woods Hole, Milford, Boston and Annapolis labs going to BCF. (20), (63) At the time of the split the two bureaus are still managed under the Department of Interior. (136) The two bureaus are created as a result of the Fish and Wildlife Act. (139) [See note 77]

In 1956 the structure of vitamin B₁₂was determined by a collaborating group headed by A.R. Todd in England and by K. Folkers in the United States. (1)

In 1956—1957 the Ford Foundation distributed $500,000,000 from capital funds among 615 private colleges and universities, 3,500 nonprofit hospitals and 42 privately supported medical schools. (1)

In 1956 the National Institute of Health study conducted by Dr. Timothy Leary to experiment with psychedelic drugs is moved to the U.S. Public Health Service. The experiments here went on until 1958. At this time the department of Health Education and Welfare also begins to take part in the experiments until 1963. (48)

In 1956 the U.S. tests experimental birth control drugs made by Searle on women in Puerto Rico and Haiti. The women were not informed about potentially serious side effects. (6)

In 1956 mind control experiments on prison inmates is approved in the U.S. (6) [See (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1956 Martin Luther King emerged as a social force for racial desegregation. (6)

In 1956 quantitative amino acid requirements of young women was determined by Leverton. (82)

In 1956 enzyme activity (hepatic) was found to be related to diet and age. (82)

In 1956 G. Pincus disclosed that a drug derived from the yam, Dioscorea, could stop ovulation, therefore preventing conception—allowing production of a birth control "pill" to replace the previous need for an injection. (87)

In 1956 a U.S. Senate committee recommended permanent isolation, in special detention facilities, for all narcotic addicts who could not be "cured". U.S. enforcement officials have always insisted that drug users could only be treated in a "drug free environment," by which they usually meant long-term involuntary incarceration. (1) [See (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1956 Harry L. Shapiro, (American Museum of Natural History) became president of the American Eugenics Society until 1963. (23) [See note 79]

In 1956 H. Eagle showed that most, (but not all) isolated human tissues required the substance inositol for growth in tissue culture. (1)

In 1956 seventeen states in the U.S. reject their government-supplied Salk polio vaccine. (6)

In 1956 the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists was incorporated to advance the application of science to the use of fishery resources and to maintain high professional standards. This action was soon followed by the larger program of certification of fishery scientists by the American Fisheries Society. (66) The profession grew rapidly in employment as laws required a scientific basis for management, and the public expected ever more from the scientists. (66) [See note 37]

In 1956 the Narcotic Control Act, as with the Boggs Act of 1951, greatly increased the penalties for drug-law violations, introducing mandatory minimum sentences and depriving offenders of the privileges of probation and parole afforded other federal prisoners. A person [now] convicted of any drug-law offense must be imprisoned for at least 2 years (and up to 5, though the court may suspend the sentence for first offenders); on the second offense, the sentence must be 5 to 10 years and the maximum, 40. For offenses in the sale, transfer, and smuggling categories, the prescribed sentence for a first offense (without suspension) is 5 to 10 years, and for subsequent convictions, 10 to 40 years. A discretionary fine, up to $20,000 may be imposed with any of the foregoing sentences. Heroin, estimated to constitute 90% of the illicit traffic, was directly outlawed by the 1956 act, and its sale by an adult to a minor was made punishable by life imprisonment or, if the jury so recommended by death. (1) This law increased penalties for the sale and possession of marijuana and heroin. (92) [See (Prisons Previous, Next), (Cannabis Prohibition Previous, Next)]

In 1957 the World Health Organization, (WHO) re-affirms its view that cannabis does not possess any therapeutic value. (1), (118) [See (Cannabis Prohibition Previous, Next)]

In 1957 the Pathfinder Fund was created by Clarence Gamble as a non-profit, tax-exempt family foundation chartered in the District of Columbia. (24)

In 1957 selenium was demonstrated to be an essential trace element for warm-blooded animals. (82)

In 1957 the Rockefeller Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund and their spin-offs begin to develop technical, educational, research, agricultural and economic programs in India, Africa and other eastern countries. Prior to this point, foreign projects are mostly in Latin-American countries. (1)

In 1957 the Ditchley Foundation was founded by Sir Philip Adams. It served as a conduit for secret instructions from the Tavistock Institute. (130)

In 1957 Bernice Eddy and Sarah Stewart of the U.S. were the first to induce a variety of cancers in hamsters and other species as well as mice by incubating filtrates of mouse leukemia in tissue culture and extracting the polyoma virus. To this point, virus-induced cancers had high specificity and could only cause cancer in animals of the same or closely related species. (1)

In 1957 new markets are found for Lake Erie rough-fish, as the pet-food and mink food industries take nearly the entire catch of freshwater sheepshead. (20) [See note 68]

In 1957 the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' home economists develop thorough series of fish and shellfish recipes for use by the Food Service Division of the Army and Air Force and by the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute of the Armed Forces. (20) [See note 88]

In 1957 the first commercial use of food irradiation took place in occupied West Germany where it was used experimentally to sterilize spices used in the manufacture of sausages. The results were so disturbing that the West German government was forced to ban it in 1958. (48)

In 1957, Roger Revelle and Hans Suess—the latter, a noted Chemist from the University of Chicago whom Revelle had hired at Scripps Institution of Oceanography—co-authored a scientific paper that raised the possibility that atmospheric carbon dioxide might be creating a greenhouse effect and causing atmospheric warming. (439), (428) They publish an article in Tellus warning about the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by the burning of fossil fuels. (120)

In 1958 the officers of the American Cancer Society were Alfred P. Sloan, President; Monroe J. Rathbone, President of Standard Oil; Mrs. Anna Rosenberg Hoffman of the Rockefeller Foundation; General (Wild Bill) Donovan and Eric Johnston. (48)

In 1958 Clark estimated that with 77 million square kilometers of temperate zone agriculturally useful land, the Earth could support 28 billion people. (87)

In 1958 the main seed bank of the United States, the National Seed Storage Laboratory, in Ft. Collins, Colorado was established along with 19 other seed banks around the country. Ft. Collins stores over 250,000 seed samples. (97)

In 1958 The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries moves its laboratory in Annapolis to a site in Oxford, Maryland to be in a better site to investigate MSX disease, which has wiped out commercial oyster concentrations in Chesapeake Bay. (20) [See note 71]

In 1958 a July article in the Bureau's Commercial Fisheries Review by Charles Butler, entitled Nutritional Value of Fish in Reference to Atherosclerosis and Current Dietary Research, notes the early interest in heart disease and the eating of fatty foods, and discusses the implications of current knowledge of atherosclerosis as applied to the marketing of fish. An S-K study is initiated on the relationship of fish oils to circulatory diseases. (20) [See note 69]

In 1958 the Beaufort Biological Laboratory scientists develop a method for estimating the relative abundance of each new year class of menhaden prior to its entry into the commercial fishery, allowing accurate catch predictions for each year class. (20)

In 1958 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries scientists show that introducing fish oils into the diet markedly reduces high serum-cholesterol levels; test animals also show more rapid growth rates than control animals. The researchers also develop an accurate method for measuring the nutritive value of fish meals through controlled-diet feeding studies. (20)

In 1958 Timothy Leary conducts his first experiments with LSD at the Kaiser Foundation Experimental Hospital in San Francisco. (6) [See (Prisons Previous, Next)]

In 1958 the residents of the Territory of Alaska voted overwhelmingly for statehood, "many of them because of their perception of a failure of Federal fishery management." The new State of Alaska took over the regulation of the fishery in 1960. (66) [See note 183]

In 1958, the U.S. Food and Drug Cosmetic Act took up the use of irradiation, defining it as an "additive," which brought it under the control of the Food and Drug Administration. (48)

In 1958 the Delaney Act on Food Additives is enacted into law. (6)

In 1959 there are 454 known addicts in Great Britain. (1)

In 1959 chromium, trivalent form, was found to be an essential trace element for man. (82)

On October 13^th 1959 the "Don McNeil Breakfast Club Show" includes a fish for health message to 30 million listeners, announcing a major nutritional breakthrough resulting from Bureau of Commercial Fisheries sponsored research which indicated the value of fishery products in lowering blood cholesterol levels. (20)

In 1959 Outdoor Fish Cookery, a Bureau of Commercial Fisheries financed motion picture, is honored with a showing at the 1959 American Film Festival. (20)

On September 21, 1959 legislation was approved authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to develop and implement a food stamp program. Twenty months later, in 1961, President John Kennedy authorized an experimental Food Stamp Program to be carried out. (94)

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